Neopronouns

Neopronouns are any set of singular third-person pronouns that are not officially recognized in the language they are used in, typically created with the intent of being a gender-neutral pronoun set. In English, and many other Indo-European languages, third-person pronouns can be gendered. In English, "she/her" is most often used by women, "he/him" most often by men, and "they/them" by non-binary individuals, though some individuals deviate from this convention. Some individuals prefer using neopronouns as an alternative gender-neutral pronoun set. This could be because they want to avoid singular "they" being confused with plural "they," because neopronouns express something about them or their gender (like xenogenders), or because they feel more comfortable using neopronouns over any of the standard pronoun options.

Regional Nominative Pronouns
Some regional dialects of English historically had or still have gender-neutral pronouns that were or are not used outside of their respective dialects. All of these pronouns have only been recorded in their nominative form. As far as linguists know, there are no other forms of these words (possessive, reflexive, etc), although more forms could easily be created if desired.

These pronouns do not strictly fit the definition of neopronouns, as they developed naturally in the language and, as far as we know, were not created by an individual with the goal of creating a gender-neutral pronoun.

A (nominative only)
In 1789, William H. Marshall documented the use of a, used by 14th century English writer, John of Trevisa. Both the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Wright's English Dialect Dictionary confirm the use of "a" in place of "he," "she," "it," "they," and even "I." It is a reduced form of the Old English pronoun, "he," meaning "he" and "heo" meaning "she." Some surviving British dialects still use this pronoun.

Ou (nominative only)
Ou was first recorded in a native English dialect in the 16th century. In 1789, William H. Marshall recorded the existence of a dialectal English epicene pronoun, singular ou: '"Ou will" expresses either he will, she will, or it will.' Marshall traces ou as possibly deriving from Middle English a.

Yo (nominative only)
In addition to an interjection and greeting, yo is a gender-neutral pronoun in a dialect of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) spoken by middle school students in Baltimore, Maryland, the student body of which is 97% African-American. These students had spontaneously created the pronoun as early as 2004, and commonly used it. A study by Stotko and Troyer in 2007 examined this pronoun. The speakers used yo only for same-age peers, not adults or authorities. The speakers thought of it as a slang word that was informal, but they also thought if it as just as acceptable as he or she. Yo was used for those whose gender was unknown, as well as for specific individuals whose gender was known, often while using a pointing gesture at the individual in question. The researchers only collected examples of yo used in the nominative form, finding no possessive forms such as *yo's and no reflexive forms such as *yoself.

List of Neopronouns
There have been many instances of individuals creating new pronouns to refer to a singular gender-neutral individual over the past 200 years. Particularly, several neopronouns showed up in the mid-late 20th century. Many new neopronouns were created in the age of the internet, as the existence of non-binary Individuals became more widely known. While there is no way to list all possible neopronouns, this page attempts to list some of the most notable and most popular examples. Pronouns are listed in order of oldest to newest.

Thon
One of the first known instances of someone purposely creating a new gender-neutral pronoun set in English is that of American composer Charles Crozat Converse, who proposed the pronoun set thon/thons/thonself in 1858. It was based on a contraction of "that one." The thon pronoun was included in some dictionaries such as Webster's International Dictionary (1910), Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary (1913), and Webster's Second International (1959). The pronouns are not widely used in the present day. In the 2019 Gender Census, 18 (0.2%) individuals said that they were happy to be referred to as thon.

E
There are several very similar sets of pronouns with the nominative form e which have been independently proposed over the last hundred years. The earliest known example may be created in 1890 by James Rogers of Crestview, Florida. It was made in response to the thon set, and was derived from the he and them pronoun sets. This version does not have a recorded predicative possessive or reflexive form.

In 1977, a version in which all forms starts with capital letters was independently created by psychologist Donald G. MacKay of the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1989 an identical version it was independently created by Victor J. Stone, Professor of Law.

Ae
In his 1920 novel, A Voyage to Arcturus, David Lindsay invented the ae pronoun set for an alien race, which were born from air and of a third sex. These pronouns are still somewhat well known on the internet.

Co
Co was coined as a possible neutral pronoun by Mary Orovan in an eight-page pamphlet called Humanizing English, which was first published in 1970. The pronoun "co" was derived from the Indo-European *ko. Today, co pronouns are still used in some communities, such as in the legal policies of Twin Oaks in Virginia, who first began using co as a neutral pronoun in 1972.

Ve
†Both spellings can be pronounced either way.

The ve pronoun set was created sometime in the early 1970s. It is unclear who originally invented this pronoun set or when, and it is possible that more than one individual created it independently. The most well known usage of ve comes from Greg Egan, who used it in his books Distress (1995) and Diaspora (1998). Egan is sometimes credited with having created these pronouns, but this does not appear to be the case, and he has never claimed to have done so. An earlier example is in the novel The Bone People (1984) by Keri Hulme. The earliest known example of ve comes from the 1970 May issue of Everywoman. This set is nearly-identical but is incomplete. It included ve/vir/vis, with no predicative possessive and reflexive recorded.

Xe
This pronoun set appears to have been first coined by Don Rickter in an issue of Unitarian Universalist published in May 1973. This coining is affirmed by Mario Pei, who gave Rickter credit in his 1978 book Weasel Words. This set has a large amount of variations; alternate versions include:
 * Nominative: Xhe, xey
 * Accusative: Xer, xim, xym
 * Pronominal possessive: Xir, xis, xer, or xeir
 * Predicative possessive: Xirs, xis, xers, or xeirs
 * Reflexive: Xirself, xyrself, ximself, xymself, or xerself



Per (person pronouns)
Known as "person pronouns", these are meant to be used for an individual of any gender. John Clark created person pronouns in a 1972 issue of the Newsletter of the American Anthropological Association. These pronouns were notably used in the 1976 novel Woman on the Edge of Time by Marge Piercy.

Ey (Elverson pronouns)
The Elverson pronouns were created by Christine M. Elverson of Skokie, Illinois, to win a contest to create an alternative to the singular they in 1975. They were formed by dropping the first two letters from they and its inflections.

It is unclear what sort of lexical agreement these pronouns would take. The pronouns can only be used as singular pronouns, so they could presumably be conjugated the same way as other singular pronoun sets (ie: "Ey was eating.") However, since these pronouns were based on the they set, it may feel more natural for English speakers to say "Ey were eating." It is unclear which conjugation was intended, so either can be used. Most other neopronouns based on "e" or "ey" face the same problem.

Hu (humanist pronouns)
†Pronunciation is assumed to match that in 'human' both for the theme and to distinguish it from the word 'who.'

Also known as "humanist pronouns," this set was created by Sasha Newborn in 1982, in a college humanities text. They are obviously based on the word human. They could be considered the first instance of nounself pronouns.

E (Spivak pronouns)
The "Spivak pronouns" were created in 1990 by Michael Spivak. They were used in his manual The Joy of TeX so that no one in his examples had a specified gender. The pronouns became somewhat well-known on the internet because they were built into the popular multi-user chat LambdaMOO in 1991. The pronouns then became a common feature of other multi-user chats made throughout the 1990s. In the 2019 Gender Census, 5.2% of participants indicated they were happy with Spivak pronouns being used to refer to them. Spivak is credited with creating this set of pronouns, although his book does not claim that they are his own invention. It is not known whether Spivak was inspired by the other "E" pronouns that have existed or by the similar Elverson pronouns.

Ze
Similar to the xe pronoun set, there are several different versions of this pronoun set. Ze is also pronounced the same way as xe. It was likely based on the German plural third-person pronoun sie. The first known case of ze being used is in 1997, by Richard Creel, who proposed ze/zer/mer (reflexive form is not recorded).

Another version was possibly independently created by Kate Bornstein in the 1998 book My Gender Workbook. This version uses ze (sometimes zie or sie) and hir. The most popular variation of these pronouns are based on this version and were created in 2013.

Fae
The fae pronouns are a set of neopronouns created by Tumblr user shadaras in 2013, though it may have been created independently by someone else earlier. It is one of the most commonly used neopronoun sets, and can be used as either a non-themed or nounself pronoun set. It likely helped to popularise using nounself pronouns on the internet.

Other
These pronouns may or may not strictly fall into the category of neopronouns, but do not fall within the standard usage of pronouns in English.

It
It is the pronoun for inanimate objects in English, though some individuals choose to use this as a non-gendered pronoun. Using it to refer to a non-binary individual is considered offensive unless one is specifically told to use that pronoun.

Some may consider it to be a neopronoun when used for individuals, while others do not. On the one hand, it is a recognized pronoun in English; however, it is typically only used for inanimate objects. Being used to refer to individuals is not conventionally part of it's usage.



One
One is a gender-neutral pronoun for a generic individual in English. It is typically used in formal speech when talking about individuals in general or someone hypothetical. Some individuals use one as a singular alternative to they.

Alternating Pronouns
Instead of using an alternative or gender-neutral pronoun set, some individuals prefer an alternation between the binary-gendered sets. For example: "When he does not get a haircut, her hair grows long." Alternating pronouns are used in some legal documents to make them gender-inclusive.

No Pronouns/Pronoun Dropping
Also called non-pronouns, null pronouns, or pronounless. Some individuals prefer not to be referred to by third-person pronouns of any kind. Instead of using pronouns, an individual may be referred to by name, an epithet, or the sentence can be rephrased to omit pronouns, typically by using the passive voice.

Nounself Pronouns
Nounself pronouns are type of neopronoun that are derived from an existing word. They are commonly, but not always, used by xenic individuals who may want to use a pronoun set that corresponds with their xenogender, or some other aspect of themself. For example, someone who is catgender may use nya/nyan pronouns.

Emojiself Pronouns
Emojiself pronouns are a subcategory of nounself pronouns, which are pronouns that, instead of using letters, utilize emojis (eg. 💫/💫's/💫self). These pronouns are not intended to be pronounced out loud and are only intended for online communication. In spoken conversation one may or may not use pronouns that are based on the emoji (eg. 💀/💀s skull/skulls).

Nameself Pronouns
Nameself pronouns are a type of neopronoun that derive from an individual's name, or a shortened/altered version of it. It can sometimes be considered a form of pronoun dropping. For example, someone named Samantha may use sam/sams pronouns.

Flags
The purple neopronoun flag was designed by‎ DeviantArt user Geekycorn on April 25, 2020. The stripes, in order, represent agender neopronoun users, neopronoun-using men, neopronoun-using women, nonbinary/genderqueer/other neopronoun users, and multigender neopronoun users.

The green and orange neopronoun flag was designed by Tumblr user Ferns-Garden/Beanjamoose on or before July 1, 2019. The flag is used by the blog yourfave-uses-neopronouns. Green is for masculine-identifying neopronoun users, blue is for older pronoun sets and the history behind them, white is for non-binary identifying neopronoun users, yellow is for newer pronoun sets and the happiness that comes from them, and orange is for feminine-identifying neopronoun users.

The green and purple neopronoun flag was redesigned by Tumblr user Uncommongenders on June 5, 2018. The meaning is unknown.

The xe/xem flag and the it/its flag were designed by Tumblr user love-all-around1223 on April 14 and April 15, 2018, respectively. The alternate it/its neopronoun flag was made by DeviantArt user GeekyCorn.

The ae/aer, ey/em, co/cos, ve/vir and thon/thons flags were designed by mourningmogaicrew on Tumblr on June 17, 2021. The per/pers, fae/faer, one/one's, hu/hum and e/em flags were designed by the same user on June 20, 2021.